Despite their small size, ticks can carry dangerous diseases, so it is important to detect and remove them in a timely manner.

Read on to learn more about ticks, their associated diseases, and most importantly for you and your pet: how to search for and safely remove them from your dog.

How Do I Safely Remove a Tick if I Find One on My Dog?

To remove a tick from your dog:

1. Use tweezers instead of your fingers, as tickborne diseases can be transferred upon contact with mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.¹
2. Gently but firmly grasp the tick as close to the skin surface as possible to ensure the tick’s head is removed.
3. Pull straight back (perpendicular to the skin surface) with slow, steady pressure.

It may take a few minutes for the tick to release, so be patient and apply constant pressure.

After tick removal, inspect the site to ensure that the head has been completely removed and remove anything remaining using the same method.

It is possible for the tick’s mouth parts to break off during removal and remain in the skin; these will eventually be naturally extruded but may increase the risk of developing an infection at the site.

Clean the area with soap and water and wash your hands thoroughly.

Dispose of the tick by placing it in a sealed container with rubbing alcohol or flushing it down the toilet. Over the next few days, monitor the site of the tick bite closely for excessive redness, itchiness, pain, pus discharge, or formation of a bump, as these may indicate infection or an inflammatory reaction.²

Burning the tick with a match or smothering it with Vasoline are not recommended methods, as these can increase the chance of the dog contracting a tickborne disease.³

What Is a Tick?

A tick is a small, wingless, ovoid to round arachnid (a relative of spiders and scorpions) that has 8 legs and no antennae. Ticks live in the environment and survive by attaching to and ingesting blood from host animals. Their bites are painless, allowing them to feed from their hosts for extended periods of time (hours to days). The tick life cycle includes egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages, each with a different physical appearance. Both nymphs and adults can feed from dogs.⁴

What Types of Ticks Are Found in the United States?

Multiple tick species are found in the United States and are often native to specific regions.⁵ Four species most frequently affect dogs: the deer tick or blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis).⁶

What Diseases Do Ticks Carry?

Different tick species are capable of carrying and transmitting different diseases that can be harmful to dogs.⁷ For example, deer ticks can carry Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum).⁸ Other tickborne diseases in dogs include Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), Babesiosis (Babesia canis or gibsoni), and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), among others.⁹ Some tickborne illnesses, such as tick paralysis, are potentially fatal. Most of these diseases are not directly contagious between dogs or from dogs to humans; they are mainly spread through tick bites.¹⁰

When and How Should I Check My Dog for Ticks?

People living in areas with endemic tick populations should frequently check their dogs for ticks, especially after the dog has been outside in forested or grassy areas in temperatures above freezing (32°F). Ticks die or become dormant in freezing weather but survive at any temperature above this; therefore, it may still be necessary to check dogs for ticks well into the fall and even winter.¹¹

To check a dog for ticks, first look for any abnormal bumps on the skin or sticking up from under the fur. You may then slowly and carefully comb through the dog’s fur with your fingers or a fine-toothed comb, feeling for small bumps protruding from the skin surface. Ticks that have not been attached for long will be smaller and flatter, while ticks that have been feeding for multiple hours or days will be enlarged, round and swollen. Check for ticks everywhere, including the ears, paws, armpits, and under the tail.

What Other Actions Should I Take if My Dog Has Had a Tick?

If your dog has a tick that is engorged (round and swollen) or that might have been attached for more than 24 hours, you may consider scheduling a veterinary appointment 6 weeks after the tick is removed to have the dog checked for exposure to tickborne diseases. In the meantime, monitor your dog for signs such as lethargy, limping, swollen joints, decreased appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea, which can indicate a tickborne illness.¹²

How Can I Prevent My Dog from Getting Ticks?

All dogs living in areas with ticks should be on year-round flea and tick prevention. Multiple types of preventatives are available, from collars to topicals to chewable tablets. These may help to repel and/or kill ticks that attach to the dog, preventing the transmission of tickborne diseases. It is important to continue tick prevention into the fall and even winter since as long as temperatures remain above freezing, ticks can survive. Talk to your vet about which preventative option might be best for you and your dog.

Our veterinarian, Dr. Jamie Whittenburg, for Pet News Daily selected the following joint supplements for dogs as the best based on available research as well as personal experience prescribing them for patients in her practice.

The Best Joint Supplement for Dogs

Dr. Whittenburg chose Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM as the best overall joint supplement for dogs because studies have shown it’s effective in the fight against inflammation.

Our Vet’s Top Pick

Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM

Nutramax Dasuquin has been proven to help joint health.

$82.99

Buy on Amazon

While this is Dr. Whittenburg’s top pick, she’s also shared her top tips for researching and choosing the right joint supplement for your dog, shared some examples of when joint supplements may not be a fit for your dog personally selected the best joint supplement for multiple use cases.

The 5 Best Joint Supplements for Dogs

1. Best Overall – Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM
2. Best Budget – Vetriscience GlycoFlex Everyday
3. Best for Seniors – Nutramax Cosequin Senior
4. Best for Food – Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care Dry Dog Food
5. Best for Cats & Dogs – Vetoquinol Flexadnin Advanced with UC-II

Joint Supplements Compared

Here are the top picks from our veterinarian. Compare the star ratings and key features of the five different models.

*Ratings are on a scale of 1 to 5 and based on reviews, feedback, and opinions of actual customers

Who Should Buy Joint Supplements for Dogs

• Those whose veterinarian recommended joint supplements – If your veterinarian has recommended your pooch take a joint supplement, don’t dismiss it. Most dogs who need joint help benefit from these supplements.
• Those with a dog who has trouble getting around due to arthritis or other mobility issues – Consider a joint supplement if your dog has been diagnosed with arthritis or has another mobility issue such as an injured knee.
• Those caring for senior dogs – Joint supplements often help older dogs who are beginning to feel the effects of lifelong bouncing and playing.
• Those helping injured dogs in recovery – A joint supplement may help an injured dog who is recovering from surgery, a sprain, or other mobility restraints.

Who Should Not Buy Joint Supplements for Dogs

• Those with a dog who is fit and healthy – A young, healthy, fit, and active dog shouldn’t need a joint supplement. Of course, all dogs are unique, so speak with your veterinarian.
• Those who buy pet food with ingredients for joint health – Check the label on your dog’s food. Some brands add ingredients such as glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3s, and green tea for joint health.

Buying Guide: Research Tips From a Veterinarian

The best place to get advice on joint supplements for dogs is your dog’s veterinarian. There are many products on the market, but they’re not equally effective. Your veterinarian has the knowledge and experience to recommend the supplement that is right for your dog. Here are some tips and best practices to consider when purchasing a joint supplement for your dog.

1. Look for glucosamine and chondroitin – The basic ingredients to look for in a dog joint supplement are glucosamine and chondroitin. However, even if a product contains these two ingredients, they may not be in a form that your dog’s body can utilize. There are also many other ingredients in various supplements that can make them much more effective. Joint supplements for dogs need to have high-quality scientific research to support their efficacy.
2. Speak with your veterinarian – Ask your veterinarian for their suggestion about whether your pooch needs to be on a joint supplement, and if so, which one is best for your dog.
3. Follow up on the research – Not all joint supplements for dogs are made the same, have the same ingredients, or share the same efficacy. Check out the available research for the joint supplement you’re interested in and consult your veterinarian for the latest studies.
4. Consider additional ingredients – Just as all joint supplements for dogs are not equal in efficacy, neither do they contain the same ingredients. Consider any additional ingredients that may help in conjunction with the main ones.

How Much Do They Cost?

$25 to $50

Joint supplements for dogs run about $25 to $50 for 60 to 100 chews. The price varies depending on the particular ingredients in the supplement. The type of joint supplement for dogs you choose should be based on your dog’s needs. Some brands offer a joint supplement formula for dogs that costs less than $25, while other brands feature more complex formulas that can cost more than $50.

Our Methodology: Why Trust Pet News Daily

Through the veterinary profession and my personal experience, I selected the top five joint supplements for dogs based on efficacy, scientific research, and what I’ve personally seen in my practice. When choosing a joint supplement for your dog, it’s important to speak with your veterinarian for recommendations. – Dr. Jamie Whittenburg

The Best Joint Supplements for Dog Reviews

1. Best Overall – Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM

Our Vet’s Top Pick

Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM

Nutramax Dasuquin has been proven to help joint health.

$82.99

Buy on Amazon

Our vet advisor considers Nutramax Dasuquin Advanced with MSM top-of-the-line joint supplements for dogs. Dasuquin Advanced contains a blend of ingredients that improve cartilage production, inhibit cartilage breakdown, and reduce inflammation and pain. Dasuquin ingredients include glucosamine HCI, sodium chondroitin sulfate, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), avocado or soybean unsaponifiable (ASU), green tea extract, and Boswellia serrata extract.

Nutramax Dasuquin features benefits on par with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Studies have shown this joint supplement for dogs to be helpful in treating arthritis symptoms. Dasuquin Advanced with ESM is only available through a veterinarian but MSM is available on Amazon. The soft chews come in two dose sizes: small to medium dogs under 60 pounds and large dogs weighing more than 60 pounds.

2. Best Budget – Vetriscience GlycoFlex Everyday

Best Budget

Vetriscience GlycoFlex Everyday

GlycoFlex Everyday features the active ingredients glucosamine and Perna canaliculus.

$19.38

Buy on Amazon

The best budget joint supplement for dogs is Vetriscience GlycoFlex Everyday. This formula is a good and economical choice for dogs not suffering from advanced osteoarthritis or OA. GlycoFlex Everyday soft chews can be given to dogs of any age and may be especially helpful for those prone to joint issues.

The GlycoFlex Everyday chews contain the active ingredients Perna canaliculus from the green-lipped mussels, glucosamine from shrimp and crab, and DMG (N, N-Dimetylglycine). Two chews contain 600mg of Perna canaliculus, 500mg of glucosamine, and 100mg of DMG. Other base ingredients include items such as Arabic gum, brewers yeast, canola oil, and rye flour. The soft chews are chicken flavored, and each package contains 60 chews.

3. Best for Seniors – Nutramax Cosequin Senior

Best for Seniors

Nutramax Cosequin Senior

Nutramax Cosequin Senior joint supplement aids in joint, skin, coat, immune, and digestive health.

$25.99

Buy on Amazon

Nutramax Cosequin Senior soft chews are specially formulated for older dogs. The chews contain a blend of essential joint health ingredients including glucosamine HCI, sodium chondroitin sulfate, MSM, yeast extract (beta-glucans), EPA, and DHA omega-3s. These ingredients have been shown in studies to improve the health and structure of joint cartilage. The addition of beta-glucans also aids in immune function and digestive health.

Recommended by veterinarians for more than 20 years, Nutramax Cosequin joint supplement for senior dogs comes in 60 soft chews. Each chew contains 600mg of glucosamine, 400mg of MSM, 300mg of chondroitin, and 250mg of beta-glucans. Each chew also contains 70mg of omega-3s and features green tea extract. Though ingredients are globally sourced, the product is manufactured in the U.S.

4. Best for Food – Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care Dry Dog Food

Best for Food

Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care Dry Dog Food

Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d dog food features both glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health.

$119.99

Buy on Amazon

If you’re looking for a dog food that doubles as a joint supplement for dogs, Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care Dry Dog Food is the best joint supplement for dogs for food. Hill’s j/d is available with a prescription from your veterinarian and comes as canned or dry food. Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d has been proven in clinical research trials to decrease pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.

See improvement within one month. The Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d dog food contains glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health, L-carnitine for muscle health, and antioxidants for immune system support. Available in chicken or lamb flavor, the j/d dog food comes in 13-ounce cans for wet food and 8.5-pound and 27.5-pound bags for dry dog food. You have the option of a subscription service with your vet’s approval.

5. Best for Cats & Dogs – Vetoquinol Flexadnin Advanced with UC-II

Best for Cats and Dogs

Vetoquinol Flexadnin Advanced with UC-II

Vetoquinol Flexadnin Advanced is a one-a-day soft chew for cats and dogs that features collagen and omega-3 fatty acids.

$58.99

Buy on Amazon

For those who cater to both the canine and feline family members, the best joint supplement for cats and dogs is Vetoquinol Flexadnin Advanced with UC-II. Conveniently made for both cats and dogs, this joint supplement helps you keep your pets’ joints healthy with nontraditional ingredients such as collagen and fish oil.

Made from chicken cartilage, Vetoquinol Flexadin contains undenatured collagen as the main active ingredient. Each chew contains 40mg of collagen, yielding 10mg of active collagen, 80 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil, 20mg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, and 42mg of vitamin E. Additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, Arabic gum, brewer’s yeast, chicken liver, oat flour, rye flour, and vegetable oil. Easy to administer, dogs and cats of any size only need one chew per day.

What are common causes of bloody stool in dogs?

Parvovirus

Parvovirus is a potentially fatal disease most often affecting young, unvaccinated, or incompletely vaccinated dogs that causes lethargy, decreased appetite, and bloody diarrhea and/or vomiting. It is very contagious and is spread through contact with contaminated fecal material. Dogs with parvo require immediate treatment for the best chance of survival. ¹

Parasites

Common intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, and coccidia can cause inflammation and damage to the intestines resulting in diarrhea and/or bloody stool.² These are often easily treated with the appropriate medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Monthly heartworm preventatives commonly help protect against certain types of intestinal worms as well,³ so keeping your dog up-to-date on this is important.

Colitis

Colitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the colon. It can be due to multiple causes, including stress, intestinal parasites, infections (E. coli, Salmonella, etc.), or ingestion of unfamiliar foods, contaminated food or water, or foreign objects. Colitis is associated with frequent diarrhea that often contains small amounts of blood, and may range from mild to severe.⁴

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ that helps digest food and regulate blood sugar. Pancreatitis may be caused by ingestion of a fatty meal or steroid medication, but also often develops with no known cause. Symptoms include lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. While some dogs recover well from pancreatitis, in others, the condition may become chronic or life-threatening.⁵ Treating this right away is important to prevent serious complications.

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Dogs having large amounts of blood in the stool may be diagnosed with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, or HGE. This is a condition characterized by sudden vomiting and very bloody diarrhea. The cause of HGE is unknown, but it may be related to an overgrowth of Clostridium bacteria in the intestines,⁶ and is often seen in small or toy breed dogs. Due to the severity of this condition, affected dogs require medical treatment as soon as possible.⁷

Anal gland disease

Anal glands are scent glands located on either side of a dog’s anus; they produce a foul-smelling liquid that is normally expelled with the feces during defecation. However, in some dogs, the anal glands are not expressed properly, and can become infected and painful. If the glands become too full, they can also rupture, causing a wound near the anus. Due to their proximity to the anus, infected or ruptured anal glands can cause small amounts of blood to appear in the stool on defecation. Anal gland disease requires prompt medical treatment, but is not life-threatening.⁸

What should I do if I notice blood in my dog’s stool?

Contact your veterinarian

Since some causes of bloody stool are more serious than others, contacting your veterinarian for guidance is a good first step for any owner noticing blood in their dog’s stool. Veterinary professionals can learn more about your dog’s specific situation to determine what potential causes are most likely, and whether the dog should be seen, or if at-home treatment with close monitoring is an appropriate course of action.

Take young puppies with bloody stool to the veterinarian immediately

Young puppies that have not been vaccinated, have not yet completed their vaccines, or only recently completed their vaccinations (within 1 month) should be taken to the veterinarian immediately if bloody stool is noted, as this can be a sign of parvovirus.

Take dogs with large amounts of blood in the stool to the veterinarian immediately

Dogs having large amounts of blood in the stool (more than a few drops or small streaks) should be taken to the veterinarian immediately to prevent significant blood loss or dehydration.

Take dogs with additional symptoms to the veterinarian as soon as possible

Dogs with lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain in addition to the bloody stool should see a veterinarian as soon as possible, as multiple symptoms may indicate a more serious illness that requires veterinary treatment.

Take dogs with black, tarry stool to the veterinarian immediately

Dogs experiencing bleeding in their upper gastrointestinal tract (the stomach or adjacent small intestine) will have black, tarry stool, rather than having bright red blood in the stool. In this case, the stool looks black because the blood is digested by the rest of the intestines as it passes through, which changes its appearance.⁹ If you notice that your dog has a black, tarry bowel movement, you should take the dog to the veterinarian right away, as this can indicate an emergency requiring immediate care.

Summary

You should briefly examine your dogs’ bowel movements daily to ensure they are normal. Fecal material can convey valuable information about your dog’s health, and it is important to note any changes in the frequency, consistency, quantity, or color of your dog’s bowel movements. Blood in the stool is a concerning finding that can be due to relatively benign or potentially life-threatening causes. For this reason, you should consult your veterinarian as soon as you notice this, and monitor your dog closely for other signs of illness. Bloody stool in young puppies, large amounts of blood in the stool, or black, tarry stool are always emergencies and should be addressed immediately by taking your dog to the veterinarian.

Image courtesy of: https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cherry-eye-in-dogs

1. Understand Why Cherry Eye Occurs

Now that you understand the importance of the third eyelid, let’s talk about why cherry eye occurs. The third eyelid has an associated gland that is responsible for creating approximately 30-40% of the tears for the eye.² Maintaining a normal tear film is essential for keeping your dog’s eyes comfortable and healthy. The gland of the third eyelid is attached to the lower rim of the eye by a ligament. In young dogs and certain breeds, this attachment may become weakened, which allows the gland to prolapse or herniate out of its normal position. Breeds commonly affected by cherry eye are Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, Lhasa Apsos, and brachycephalic breeds (which includes “smush” face dogs like Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, Pekingese, Shih Tzus, etc.). Aside from genetic predisposition, occasionally physical trauma to the eye can cause the third eyelid gland to prolapse.³

2. Recognize the Symptoms of Cherry Eye

Cherry eye will appear as a pink or red swollen mass in the inner corner of your dog’s eye. The mass may be small and may seemingly disappear on its own. Other times, the cherry eye can be quite large and cover a significant portion of your dog’s eye. You may notice the cherry eye only affects one eye, while other times it can affect both eyes.⁴ Cherry eye is generally not a painful condition, but you should watch for signs of discomfort, such as squinting, pawing at the face, excessive tearing, or conjunctivitis (redness and inflammation in the tissues surrounding the eye).

Image courtesy of: https://animalvisioncare.com/eye-conditions/canine/third-eyelid-gland-prolapse-cherry-eye/

3. Consult With Your Veterinarian

Once you notice the symptoms of cherry eye, you should always consult with your family veterinarian about treatment options. Your veterinarian will conduct a thorough eye examination to determine the severity of the condition and to rule out any other eye conditions that may be present. This is particularly important in brachycephalic breeds, which are genetically predisposed to other conditions that can affect the eyelids.⁵ Your veterinarian will thoroughly examine the cornea (the outermost layer of the eye), the conjunctiva (the tissues surrounding the eye), the eyelids, and the fundus (the back surface of the eye that contains the retina). Based on this examination, your veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan appropriate for your dog.

4. Discuss Your Treatment Options

While your veterinarian may prescribe an eye medication to temporarily help decrease inflammation and discomfort, surgical treatment is the best option to treat cherry eye in dogs. Your veterinarian might be able to perform this surgery, however, be prepared that they may also refer you to a veterinary ophthalmologist (a veterinarian who specializes in eye conditions) for the best possible outcome. Check out this link to find board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists in your area. The veterinarian will put your dog under general anesthesia to replace the prolapsed gland. Usually, two small incisions are made around the cherry eye to create a “pocket.” The prolapsed gland is tucked away into this pocket and stitched closed. Your veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic eye drop or ointment and oral pain medications to help your dog recover from surgery.⁶⁷ If your dog seems uncomfortable or is rubbing at the eye, an Elizabethan collar will be recommended so they don’t disrupt healing of the surgical site. The stitches will be absorbable and will not need to be removed, and the incision is typically healed within 2 weeks.

5. Weigh the Pros and Cons of Surgery

While any kind of surgery can sound intimidating, it is considered the only definitive way to treat cherry eye in dogs. The biggest pro of surgery is that once the incision is healed, your dog has a great chance for the third eyelid gland to return to its normal function and appearance within a few weeks. For many dogs, the surgery is considered curative. Great news, right? Not so fast. This brings us to one of the biggest cons of surgery, which is recurrence of the cherry eye. It is estimated that between 5-20% of dogs who undergo surgery for cherry eye experience a recurrence of the prolapse, which could require repeated surgical intervention.⁸ Another thing to be aware of is that even in some dogs who undergo surgical correction for cherry eye, there is still some risk for development of dry eye at some point in their life. Finally, you should know that if your dog has cherry eye in only one eye, they can develop it in the other eye at any time.⁹ Check out this article written by a veterinary ophthalmologist about treatment options for cherry eye.

6. Know the Risks of Non-Surgical Treatment

Despite the risks of surgery, the benefits of attempting surgical correction are far greater. If you decide not to pursue surgical correction of your dog’s cherry eye, there are some important risks to know about. Since the gland of the third eyelid produces such a large portion of your dog’s tear film, untreated cherry eyes can lead to a condition called keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), more commonly known as dry eye.¹⁰ Symptoms of dry eye include eye discomfort, redness, squinting, and excessive eye discharge. Once your dog develops dry eye, it is considered a lifelong condition that requires treatment with one or multiple medications you will put in your dog’s eyes to ease the discomfort. To make things worse, dogs that develop dry eye are at greater risk for developing painful corneal ulcers and eye infections. In addition, untreated cherry eye also predisposes your dog to developing conjunctivitis and abnormal eye discharge. Without surgical treatment, the only thing you can safely try at home is to try to keep the eye lubricated with artificial tears.¹¹

7. Be Patient!

If you have a puppy who has cherry eye, know that sometimes the condition can resolve on its own without surgery as your pup grows.¹² Your veterinarian may possibly recommend surgical correction of the cherry eye at the same time as their spay or neuter. Remember that even with surgery, recurrence of the cherry can certainly happen. Eye conditions can be frustrating but understand that there is not necessarily a one-size-fits-all approach to treating cherry eye in dogs. Always bring up any concerns with your veterinarian so you can discuss how to keep your dog’s eyes healthy and keep your furry family members happy!

1. Keep the Breed, Age, Size, and Weight in Mind

A number of factors contribute to how your dog does in the heat. Breed, age, size, and weight come into play. For example, breeds with a thick coat, short snout, or who have a dark coat may have a difficult time cooling themselves. The following breeds are among those who may struggle with heat:

• Chow chow
• Bulldog
• French bulldog
• Mastiff
• Cavalier King Charles spaniel
• Greyhound
• Pug
• English springer spaniel
• Golden retriever

Puppies, older dogs, and overweight dogs can’t regulate their body temperatures, so they’re at greater risk, too. Your dog’s medications can interfere with his natural ability to cool himself as well.

2. Make Fresh Water Available

Dogs can get dehydrated very quickly. One of the best ways to prevent overheating is to keep him well hydrated. Replace his water frequently to keep it fresh and enticing. If your dog likes running water, turn on a garden hose and let him take a drink. On particularly hot days, you might want to keep track of how often your dog drinks. You might have to remind your dog by encouraging a drink every now and then.

3. Don’t Leave Your Dog in a Vehicle

Window down or not, do not leave your dog in the car when it’s how outside. The inside temperature can get hot very quickly. If you can’t take your dog with you, leave him at home where he’s out of the sun or in a temperature-controlled environment.²

4. Hit the Shade from 10 am to 2 pm

The sun’s rays are most direct from 10 am to 2 pm, and that’s when you’re both most likely to get too warm. Avoid taking your dog outside when the sun is at its peak. Hit the shade or bring him inside where he can keep cool. The mid-day hours are when it’s the worst for you to be in the sun, too. Those direct rays more easily cause skin damage and heat problems for owners as well.³

5. Learn the Signs of Overheating

Take the time to learn the signs of overheating and dehydration. They include:

• Labored breathing
• Excessive panting
• High heart rate
• Drooling
• Increased respiratory rate

A dog with respiratory issues or that’s more likely to overheat because of other conditions or issues, whether from illness or their biology, can show these symptoms much sooner than the average dog.

If the overheating progresses, your dog can show more disturbing symptoms that include:

• Bloody diarrhea
• Seizures
• Body temperature over 104-degrees Fahrenheit
• Vomiting

Get your dog into a cool place, and call your vet immediately if your dog shows any of the symptoms of heatstroke.

6. Pet Pool

Kiddie pools aren’t just for kids. A small plastic pool makes a great place for a dog to cool off. Some dogs will jump right in, while others might need some coaxing. Put the pool in the shade to keep your dog even cooler. Empty and rinse the pool every day to keep the water fresh and appealing to your furry soaker.

7. Visit the Groomer

Dogs meant for cold climates like Huskies and Malamutes and those with double coats like Labradors are highly susceptible to overheating. These dogs can stay cooler with regular visits to the groomer. A shorter coat in the hotter months will trap less heat, keeping him cooler.

Some dogs will only require one visit per summer, while others may need a monthly visit to keep their coats under control. Make that last summer cut at least six weeks before cold weather typically sets in. You want your dog to be warm once the weather starts to change.

8. Exercise Early and Late

The heat may get to your dog, but he still needs regular exercise. Adjust his exercise time to keep you both cool. Early in the morning and later in the evening are good times. Offer your dog water when you get home to keep him well hydrated.

In areas where the temperatures rarely get below 80-degrees during the summer, you might have to get more creative in your exercise routine. Playing fetch in the house and other indoor games can get out his energy without putting his health at risk.

9. Homemade Cooling Mat

Make your own cooling mat by getting a towel wet and laying it on the floor or patio for your dog. It might take some training to get your dog to use the cooling mat, but once he understands, it could become his favorite cooling spot. You can refresh the towel every so often, so your dog always has somewhere cool to lay.

Safe and Fun in the Heat

Dogs can’t tell you when they’re getting too hot. Keep an eye out for the symptoms of heatstroke and give your dog several ways to keep himself cool. Always have water available. Remember, if you’re getting too warm, your four-footed friend with a fur coat is too.

Most people feel that their dogs are part of the family. Dogs have moved from backyard pets into our homes. Like children, dogs will occasionally have emergencies that require medical care.

As a veterinarian, I have dogs rushed into my hospital with swollen faces frequently. It can be quite alarming to arrive home and find that your dog’s face is swollen. If your dog suddenly has a swollen face, there are several things that may be causing the issue.

Signs of An Allergic Reaction

The most mentioned complaint from dog owners with dogs who have a swollen face and are experiencing an allergic reaction is that the dog is pawing at its head.¹

Other potential signs include:

• swollen eyelids
• swollen ears
• hives
• redness of the eyes
• itchiness
• vomiting or diarrhea

These clinical signs are classic for a dog that is experiencing an allergic reaction. The swelling, itching, and hives indicate that the dog’s immune system is having an exaggerated response to something considered foreign.

The most common causes of an allergic reaction in a dog include²:

• medications
• pollen
• dust
• mold
• food
• insect bites

If the dog has received a vaccination, this too could be a possible cause for their swollen face. Though rare, some dogs will have adverse reactions when vaccinated.³⁴

It is a myth that allergic reactions always occur immediately after the dog has encountered the foreign substance. In fact, though a reaction may occur immediately, it is common for allergic reactions to manifest up to 48 hours later.⁵

Any allergic reaction can be an emergency, so it is vital to consult your dog’s veterinarian as soon as signs are noticed.

The Severity of Allergic Reactions – Mild to Life-Threatening

Mild Allergic Reactions

In some cases, a dog may have such a mild allergic reaction that the signs may go unnoticed. These types of reactions can consist of a few hives, itchy skin, or a bump and redness where the allergen contacted the dog.⁶

Some dogs will be mildly lethargic, sore, or even have a fever following vaccinations. These are normal occurrences and are an indicator that the dog’s immune system is responding appropriately to the vaccine. These are not allergic reactions.⁷

More Severe Allergic Reactions

Suppose you come home and find your dog displaying signs of a more severe allergic reaction, for example, a swollen face, severe itchiness, hives covering their body, or vomiting. In that case, they should be taken to a veterinarian immediately. Treatment will likely be needed.

Though rare, an extremely severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis can occur when dogs are exposed to specific allergens. Signs of anaphylaxis include all of the signs mentioned above, plus difficulty breathing, shaking, and loss of consciousness.⁸

If a dog is experiencing true anaphylaxis, it is a life-threatening emergency. Time is of the essence, and emergency treatment must be administered right away. Anaphylaxis can cause failure of the respiratory system and the heart, resulting in death.

Medical Care for Allergic Reactions in Dogs

If you have a dog suspected of having an allergic reaction, you must consult your veterinarian for treatment right away.

Mild allergic reactions may not require any treatment, or they may be treated with simple over-the-counter antihistamines.⁹ Never administer any medication to your dog without the guidance of a veterinarian.

Dogs are not small humans and have different physiology. Some medications that are safe for humans are toxic to dogs, and those that are safe often have very different doses when given to dogs.¹⁰

In the case of a more severe reaction, the veterinarian may administer other medications to aid in your dog’s recovery. These may include:

• intravenous fluids for cardiovascular support
• steroids to halt the allergic reaction
• bronchodilators to improve breathing
• injectable antihistamines to calm the allergic reaction

In severe cases, hospitalization and oxygen therapy may be necessary.¹¹

Identifying the Culprit

Once the dog has been successfully treated and the allergic reaction is under control, it is essential to try to identify what foreign substance caused the reaction in the first place.

The pet’s environment should be inspected for bugs (spiders, ants, bees, and wasps) or any foods or plants the dog may have ingested. Tell your veterinarian about any medications given to the dog or that they may have accidentally ingested. New foods, treats, cleaning products, and laundry detergents should also be investigated.

Prevention of Allergic Reactions

Once a dog has had an allergic reaction, the only way to prevent another is to keep them from encountering the allergen again.

Dogs are curious and playful and can often stick their noses where they don’t belong – literally. Bites and stings from insects can be impossible to prevent, but if there are insects in the dog’s environment, an effort should be made to remove them.

In the rare case of a vaccine reaction, you should discuss the need for additional vaccines with your veterinarian. The risk of the reaction should be weighed against the benefit of the vaccine for the dog. The severity of the reaction, the dog’s age, vaccine status, and its lifestyle should all be considered when deciding on future vaccines.

Dogs with a history of vaccine reaction may be pre-medicated with antihistamines to avoid another reaction.¹² Additionally, vaccines for these dogs should be spaced out, and they should only receive one vaccine at a time until the vaccine they are allergic to is discovered.

Any dog with a history of an allergic reaction should be monitored closely after vaccination, following an insect bite or sting, or when being given a new medication.

Final Thoughts

Coming home to discover your beloved pup with a swollen face or other signs of an allergic reaction can be frightening. A veterinarian should always be consulted in these situations.

Remember that true anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency. Every dog owner should know what to do in the case of a crisis before it happens. This includes learning how to contact your dog’s veterinarian after hours or where the nearest emergency veterinary hospital is located.

After the reaction has passed, it is essential to identify the trigger so that another reaction can be avoided in the future.

As a veterinarian, I’m often asked what causes pain in dogs, how to tell if a dog is in pain, and what to give a dog for pain. Grab your leash as we walk through some pertinent points about pain in dogs and how we can soothe our painful pooches.

1. What Are Some Causes of Pain in Dogs?

If Benji scarfs down his breakfast but remains a no-show for dinner, he may be hurting. But why? Acute pain is the kind we expect with an injury or severe infection. Chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, typically cause pain lasting three months or longer.¹ Here are some conditions that will cause some serious ouch for your pooch:

• Panosteitis (growing pains in puppies)
• Intestinal obstructions or other gastrointestinal distress
• Bone and tooth fractures
• Ligament tears such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
• Severe ear infections
• Urinary tract infections or stones
• Pancreatitis
• Cancer
• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
• Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV, or bloat)
• Corneal ulcers
• Glaucoma
• Autoimmune or infectious diseases
• Burns
• Torn toenails
• Hip and elbow dysplasia
• Osteoarthritis

2. How Can I Tell if My Dog Is in Pain?

When your enthusiastic exercise partner punks out before his paws hit the sidewalk, pain may be to blame. Behavior changes such as depression, hiding, excessive licking, restlessness, or even growling may indicate that your dog is suffering. From traumatic bone fractures to Lyme disease, limping may indicate a number of painful conditions.² Here are some other signs to watch for:

• Impaired mobility, stiff gait, or reduced range of limb motion
• Body language (low tail and head, flat ears, prayer position)
• Poor appetite
• Excessive panting or pacing
• Whining
• Trembling
• Evidence of a wound, injury, broken tooth, or bleeding
• “Slowing down” with age

3. What Should I Do if My Dog Is in Pain?

If you suspect your dog is in pain, call your veterinarian. Veterinarians are medical detectives uniquely trained to identify pain in our non-verbal furry friends. Be prepared to describe your dog’s behavior, duration of the problem, medical history, and any possibility your dog could have eaten something inappropriate. By considering breed, age, gender, and history, your vet will begin to narrow the list of possibilities.

4. What Can I Do at Home for My Painful Dog?

First and foremost: Do not give human pain relievers to your dog.

This includes aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or any other over-the-counter or prescription human medicine. Just because you know people who have done this with no (apparent) ill effect does not mean it’s safe for your dog. Although some human medications are prescribed for dogs, they should only be given under the direction of a veterinarian to avoid toxic effects to the kidneys, liver, and stomach.³

If you can’t get to the vet right away, there are comfort measures you can perform in the short term until your appointment.

• Provide a quiet, comfortable resting spot away from family activity
• Bring food and water to your dog
• Apply a cool compress for an acute injury, or warm compress for osteoarthritis
• Help them outside with a sling if a hind limb is hurt, or carry small dogs
• Offer soft food if oral pain is suspected
• Keep children away to avoid unwanted touch and dog bites

5. What Can My Veterinarian Do for Pain?

First, your vet will need to make a diagnosis. They will further narrow the list by observing posture, attitude, and performing the crucial physical exam. They may recommend lab work, radiographs, ultrasound, CT scan, or cytology to make a final diagnosis.

If the cause of pain is an intestinal obstruction, fractured bone, or dental abscess, then surgery and intravenous pain medication such as opioids may be indicated.⁴⁵⁶ Local anesthetic may be used as well. If there’s a urinary tract infection, your vet may prescribe antibiotics and oral pain medication.⁷ Glaucoma requires medications to reduce eye pressure.⁸

Whether your dog goes home with a short course of oral pain medication for an infection or injury, or a long-term prescription plan for osteoarthritis, there are numerous options. The most common pain relievers are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDS. These include carprofen, firocoxib, etodolac, meloxicam, and grapiprant. Other pain relievers include gabapentin and amantadine.⁹ In severe cases, your veterinarian may prescribe an opioid such as morphine, fentanyl, or buprenorphine.¹⁰

6. What Alternative Methods of Pain Relief Are Available for Dogs?

Smart pain management includes multiple methods to reduce side effects and match the pain to the plan. Think about it: you may add salt to your foods to improve taste, but you wouldn’t add it to ice cream. With pain management, it’s not one size fits all either.

Many dogs can’t tolerate oral pain relievers. Luckily, there are several effective adjunctive therapies. Many of these are helpful for chronic conditions, and can actually help improve the underlying pathology.

• Acupuncture
• Therapeutic laser
• Physical therapy, hydrotherapy, and massage
• Weight management
• PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) therapy¹¹ such as the Assisi Loop
• Supplements – glucosamines,¹² omega-3 fatty acids,¹³ and hyaluronic acid combinations¹⁴
• Orthopedic bed

Acupuncture and therapeutic laser must be performed by a trained veterinary professional. With so many alternative choices for pain control, your veterinarian can guide you on the path to developing a well-rounded pain management plan for your four-legged pal.

The Bottom Line on Pain Control in Dogs

When your dog seems painful, beeline to the vet. The key to proper pain control is to diagnose the underlying problem. In many cases, resolving the problem will alleviate the pain. Pain relievers can be given intravenously in the hospital, or sent home in oral or even patch form. Talk to your veterinarian about medications and alternative therapies for ongoing conditions. Together, you can develop a plan to keep your pooch pain-free and catching frisbees for years to come.

Common Causes of Skin Scabbing

1. Parasites Including Fleas or Mites

Fleas are an extremely common cause of skin scabbing in dogs. Fleas are small insects that can be seen with the naked eye; they live on the skin surface and feed on a dog’s blood through biting. Flea bites are itchy and bothersome, causing dogs to scratch at themselves and create skin irritation.¹ In addition to itchiness from the bites themselves, some dogs are also allergic to flea saliva, which causes extremely severe itchiness. Scabs due to fleas are commonly located on a dog’s lower back around the tail base, but can be anywhere.²

Some types of skin mites can also cause itchiness and scabbing, such as the mite that causes sarcoptic mange. Dogs with sarcoptic mange often have hair loss and red, crusty, itchy skin on the ears, legs, or underbelly. Mites are microscopic and must be diagnosed by a veterinarian.³

2. Allergies

Dogs can have multiple types of allergies, including environmental allergies, food allergies, contact dermatitis, and flea allergies, as previously mentioned. Allergies in dogs are becoming increasingly common, and certain breeds may be more prone to them. Environmental allergies may develop in response to allergens such as pollens, dust, or grass, among many others. Dogs with food allergies are most often allergic to a protein source; the most common of these are chicken and beef. Itchiness and skin irritation are the main signs of both environmental and food allergies, but environmental allergies may flare up seasonally depending on the allergen, while food allergies are usually present year-round.⁴

Contact dermatitis is skin irritation that occurs when a dog touches an allergen or substance that causes skin damage. It may manifest as skin itchiness, redness, and/or hives. Many things can cause contact dermatitis depending on what the dog is allergic to; potential triggers include grasses, synthetic materials, cleaning products, and pesticides, among others.⁵

3. Skin Infections

Skin infections develop when there is pre-existing skin damage, often due to underlying allergies. When the normal skin barrier is compromised, bacteria and/or yeast can migrate from the skin surface into the deeper skin layers to cause infection. Skin infections are associated with swollen, red, itchy skin, often with overlying scabbing, brown discharge, or pus, and often having a bad odor.⁶

4. Seborrhea

Seborrhea is a condition in which the sebaceous glands, a type of oil gland in the skin, produce too much sebum, a waxy, oily substance that normally coats the skin to protect it. Sebum overproduction causes a dog’s skin to become red, itchy, and flaky, especially along the back. The skin and fur may feel oily or dry, and may have an unpleasant odor. Seborrhea can be genetically inherited, or develop due to underlying disorders such as Cushing’s disease or allergies, among others.⁷

Ways You May Help Your Dog if You Notice Skin Scabbing

1. Check for Fleas and Ensure Your Dog Is Up-to-Date on Flea Prevention

Fleas are most easily detected with a flea comb; run the comb through your dog’s fur, especially around the tail base, and look for any live fleas (small brown insects) or flea dirt (flea poop, black specks resembling coffee grounds) caught in the comb.⁸ Rubbing suspect debris on a wet paper towel can help to differentiate flea dirt from normal dirt: flea dirt is digested blood and will leave red marks when wet.⁹ Also make sure your dog is up-to-date on flea prevention; this should be taken year-round. Not all flea products are the same, so talk to your vet about which is best for your dog.

2. Bathe Your Dog

Bathing your dog with a hypoallergenic or oatmeal-based shampoo can help to remove allergens or irritants on the skin surface; oatmeal shampoo may also soothe itchiness.¹⁰ However, dogs should not be fully bathed more frequently than once every 2 weeks to avoid drying out the skin.

3. Consider Fish Oil Supplements

Fish oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects to help maintain skin health.¹¹¹² Fish-based dog foods are often high in omega-3 fatty acids, but dogs not eating a fish-based diet may take a daily fish oil supplement. This comes in liquid or capsule form and is often given with food. Fish oil is generally very safe, but you should still talk to your veterinarian to determine if fish oil is right for your dog, and at what dosage.

4. Talk to Your Veterinarian About Trying an Antihistamine

Antihistamines like Benadryl® and Zyrtec® can be taken by most dogs and are available over-the-counter. These medications may help with mild to moderate itchiness due to allergies, but are not effective in all dogs, and are often not sufficient to control severe itchiness.¹³¹⁴ Before giving this (or any) medication to your dog, you must first consult your veterinarian to ensure this is safe for your pup, and to determine the appropriate dosage.

5. Schedule an Appointment With Your Veterinarian

Dogs with underlying health conditions, severe itchiness, or significant skin lesions should be evaluated by a veterinarian. The vet will examine your dog, perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of the skin scabbing, and prescribe the appropriate treatment to get your pup feeling better.