Despite their small size, ticks can carry dangerous diseases, so it is important to detect and remove them in a timely manner.

Read on to learn more about ticks, their associated diseases, and most importantly for you and your pet: how to search for and safely remove them from your dog.

How Do I Safely Remove a Tick if I Find One on My Dog?

To remove a tick from your dog:

1. Use tweezers instead of your fingers, as tickborne diseases can be transferred upon contact with mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.¹
2. Gently but firmly grasp the tick as close to the skin surface as possible to ensure the tick’s head is removed.
3. Pull straight back (perpendicular to the skin surface) with slow, steady pressure.

It may take a few minutes for the tick to release, so be patient and apply constant pressure.

After tick removal, inspect the site to ensure that the head has been completely removed and remove anything remaining using the same method.

It is possible for the tick’s mouth parts to break off during removal and remain in the skin; these will eventually be naturally extruded but may increase the risk of developing an infection at the site.

Clean the area with soap and water and wash your hands thoroughly.

Dispose of the tick by placing it in a sealed container with rubbing alcohol or flushing it down the toilet. Over the next few days, monitor the site of the tick bite closely for excessive redness, itchiness, pain, pus discharge, or formation of a bump, as these may indicate infection or an inflammatory reaction.²

Burning the tick with a match or smothering it with Vasoline are not recommended methods, as these can increase the chance of the dog contracting a tickborne disease.³

What Is a Tick?

A tick is a small, wingless, ovoid to round arachnid (a relative of spiders and scorpions) that has 8 legs and no antennae. Ticks live in the environment and survive by attaching to and ingesting blood from host animals. Their bites are painless, allowing them to feed from their hosts for extended periods of time (hours to days). The tick life cycle includes egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages, each with a different physical appearance. Both nymphs and adults can feed from dogs.⁴

What Types of Ticks Are Found in the United States?

Multiple tick species are found in the United States and are often native to specific regions.⁵ Four species most frequently affect dogs: the deer tick or blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis).⁶

What Diseases Do Ticks Carry?

Different tick species are capable of carrying and transmitting different diseases that can be harmful to dogs.⁷ For example, deer ticks can carry Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum).⁸ Other tickborne diseases in dogs include Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), Babesiosis (Babesia canis or gibsoni), and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), among others.⁹ Some tickborne illnesses, such as tick paralysis, are potentially fatal. Most of these diseases are not directly contagious between dogs or from dogs to humans; they are mainly spread through tick bites.¹⁰

When and How Should I Check My Dog for Ticks?

People living in areas with endemic tick populations should frequently check their dogs for ticks, especially after the dog has been outside in forested or grassy areas in temperatures above freezing (32°F). Ticks die or become dormant in freezing weather but survive at any temperature above this; therefore, it may still be necessary to check dogs for ticks well into the fall and even winter.¹¹

To check a dog for ticks, first look for any abnormal bumps on the skin or sticking up from under the fur. You may then slowly and carefully comb through the dog’s fur with your fingers or a fine-toothed comb, feeling for small bumps protruding from the skin surface. Ticks that have not been attached for long will be smaller and flatter, while ticks that have been feeding for multiple hours or days will be enlarged, round and swollen. Check for ticks everywhere, including the ears, paws, armpits, and under the tail.

What Other Actions Should I Take if My Dog Has Had a Tick?

If your dog has a tick that is engorged (round and swollen) or that might have been attached for more than 24 hours, you may consider scheduling a veterinary appointment 6 weeks after the tick is removed to have the dog checked for exposure to tickborne diseases. In the meantime, monitor your dog for signs such as lethargy, limping, swollen joints, decreased appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea, which can indicate a tickborne illness.¹²

How Can I Prevent My Dog from Getting Ticks?

All dogs living in areas with ticks should be on year-round flea and tick prevention. Multiple types of preventatives are available, from collars to topicals to chewable tablets. These may help to repel and/or kill ticks that attach to the dog, preventing the transmission of tickborne diseases. It is important to continue tick prevention into the fall and even winter since as long as temperatures remain above freezing, ticks can survive. Talk to your vet about which preventative option might be best for you and your dog.

If you have a question, drop us a line at info@petnewsdaily.com and we may feature it here in the mailbag!

Question

Hi, Can you provide tips on the best cat food bowls for messy eaters. I’m looking for what kinds of bowls are best for cats who are messy or like to play with their food. Should any bowl shapes be avoided? Are there any specific cat bowls you recommend on Amazon for messy eaters?

Answer

For people who like their current cat food bowls, the best option might be to place an easily washed mat underneath. Puzzle feeders and food dispensing toys can slow a cat’s eating behavior, provide much-needed entertainment, and limit messes.

Likimats are great for cats who eat wet food.

Bowls with wide bottoms and non-slip pads can prevent cats from moving bowls around and tipping them over. Raise bowls that are surrounded by guards with elevated edges can also contain any mess that is generated.

Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian if your cat has recently become a messy eater. It’s possible that dental disease or other problems within the mouth is making it difficult for your cat to chew and swallow or causing pain.

Question

Hi, I’d like to get information about about sun burn in dogs? Can you share some insight?

Answer

Dogs that have sparse, light-colored coats are at the highest risk for sunburn and sun-related illnesses like some types of skin cancer. However, any dog who spends an extended amount of time in the sun could get a sunburn on thinly-haired parts of the body like the bridge of the nose. Sunscreen may help if you think your dog is at risk for sunburn, but if possible, it’s best to simply avoid sun exposure during peak daylight hours.

Some ingredients commonly used in human sunscreens can be dangerous for dogs. For example, when ingested (and what dog won’t try to lick off sunscreen!), zinc oxide can lead to vomiting and potentially to red blood cell abnormalities. Salicylates like homosalate and ethylhexyl salicylate may cause stomach ulcers. Pet-friendly sunscreens generally avoid these ingredients but most don’t benefit from FDA oversight so their safety and efficacy are often unknown.

Question

I need help regarding metabolic diseases in cats. I would specifically like to know what is a metabolic diseases (as simply as possible)? What are the metabolic diseases that specifically affect cats? What are the symptoms? What are the treatments? How to diagnose? What can I do for my cat with a metabolic disease? Can they be fatal? Anything else I should know? Thanks so much for the help.

Answer

The word metabolism can be defined as all the chemical reactions necessary to convert the food that an animal eats into the energy needed to fuel all the cells in the body. The phrase “metabolic disease” is not very specific but can be used to refer to any disease that disrupts an animal’s metabolism. Since hormones play a big role in metabolism, many of the most common metabolic diseases in cats are involve problems with particular hormones. The most common metabolic disease in cats is diabetes mellitus involving the hormone insulin. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common feline form of the disease. Most diabetic cats are initially overweight, which leads to insulin resistance—a reduced ability of cells in the body to respond to insulin. Insulin resistance results in abnormally high blood sugar levels. Increased thirst and urination and weight loss despite a good or even increased appetite are usually the first signs of diabetes that pet parents notice. Some cats may also develop weakness and an inability to fully straighten their hind legs. A veterinarian can diagnose diabetes with a physical examination and lab work. Cats with diabetes need to be permanently switched to a high protein-low carbohydrate diet. Canned food is far superior to dry. Initially, diabetic cats should receive insulin injections, but if they receive treatment in a timely manner, some will go into remission and can be weaned off their insulin injections.

Without appropriate treatment, a diabetic cat will develop ketoacidosis, become comatose, and die. Hyperthyroidism is another common metabolic disease in cats that involves overproduction of thyroid hormone, usually due to a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism in cats (like a sebaceous cyst) can be treated with medications that suppress the production of thyroid hormone, surgery to remove the thyroid gland, low-iodine diets, or an injection of radioactive iodine. Radioactive iodine treatment is considered to be the best option for most cats. Cats with hyperthyroidism tend to lose weight despite having a ravenous appetite. Vomiting, diarrhea, and increased thirst and urination are also possible. A veterinarian can diagnose hyperthyroidism with a physical examination and lab work.

Question

Hello! I’d like to ask some tips on the best pet insurance policy. What are the most important features of a pet insurance policy? What are the benefits (if any) of adding a wellness/routine care package to your policy? Why might pet owners overlook pet insurance, and what would you tell them to persuade them to enroll their pet in a pet insurance policy? Lastly,What key factors influence the price of a pet insurance policy? Thank you so much for accommodating my questions!

Answer

First, look at the policy’s price — not just its monthly premium but also any copays and deductibles you will be responsible for. Many policies also have a maximum payout (cap) either per year or per incident, after which you’ll be responsible for the cost of your pet’s veterinary care.
Price isn’t the only factor to consider when picking out a pet insurance policy. It’s very important to understand the policy’s reimbursement level. For example, one policy may cover 90% of a pet’s covered expenses while another might cover only 70%.
A policy’s reimbursement level, maximum payout, copays, and deductibles greatly influence its cost. In general, the more expensive a policy, the more it will cover.
Preexisting conditions are usually excluded from coverage. Sometimes this holds true even if a pet hasn’t been definitively diagnosed with a disease or injury but has had symptoms consistent with it. Check that any insurance you are considering covers hereditary and congenital conditions that are common for your pet’s breed. Coverage for bilateral conditions, like hip dysplasia, and chronic conditions, like osteoarthritis, is also important.
Ask yourself if you could cover all the costs associated with a major pet illness or injury right now. If the answer is “no,” pet insurance could literally save your pet’s life.

The cost of preventive care should be planned for, but a wellness plan still offers the benefit of being able to spread out many expenses in a monthly premium rather than in one or two big bills per year. Wellness plans can also encourage pet parents to stay up to date on important preventive care.

Question

Hi, I’m hoping to get information on “can dogs eat water chestnuts. How healthy and safe is it for dogs to consume?  Thank you!

Answer

Water chestnuts are safe for dogs to eat and can be a healthy and tasty treat, particularly when temperatures rise. Water chestnuts have a high water content and contain potassium, an important electrolyte. Water chestnuts are also a good source of energy, fiber, and iron. It’s fine to feed sliced water chestnuts straight out of the can but choose products that are low in sodium. If you purchase whole water chestnuts, cut them into bite-sized pieces to reduce the risk of choking.
Any new food can lead to gastroenteritis, which may cause vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, and dehydration. Make sure to feed dogs only a small number of water chestnuts to begin with to see how they react.

Keep treats of all sorts, including water chestnuts, to 10% or less of a dog’s total caloric intake. Feeding too many water chestnuts, or any human food, can lead to nutritional imbalances.

Question:  What are the best and worst Cat Food? What to know before buying one?

Hello, I’m a new cat parent, can you share some foods should cats avoid? How often should a cat eat? Why does my cat keep begging for food? Also, What cat food brands do vets most recommend? Thanks

Answer:

Wet cat foods have some natural advantages over dry cat food. Wet foods are generally higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates because, to keep its shape, kibble needs a relatively high carbohydrate content. Wet foods are sterilized using heat and steam, which means they don’t need artificial preservatives like mixed tocopherols, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or ethoxyquin.

Wet foods also contain a lot more water than dry foods, which is beneficial for cats because they are naturally predisposed to get most of their water from their food rather than a water bowl. If possible, avoid feeding cats dry food and opt for wet instead. Whichever type of food you choose, make sure it is made with quality ingredients and has an AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) statement of nutritional adequacy that is appropriate for your cat’s life stage printed on its label. Your veterinarian can help you find a good food based on your cat’s age, health status, lifestyle, and other factors. Cats are designed to eat multiple small meals throughout the day. Feeding cats just twice a day can lead to begging in between meals. If your schedule doesn’t allow frequent feedings, consider purchasing an automatic feeder.

Veterinarians typically recommend cat foods like the following:
• Purina Pro Plan High Protein Turkey & Cheese Entree in Gravy Wet Cat Food
• Wellness CORE Natural Grain-Free Chicken Turkey & Chicken Liver Pate Canned Cat Food
• Nulo Freestyle Turkey & Chicken Recipe Grain-Free Canned Cat & Kitten Food

Question:

Is it safe for dogs to eat blueberries and bananas? If not, why? Please explain.

Answer:

Blueberries and bananas are very healthy for dogs. Blueberries are a great source of a type of antioxidant called anthocyanins. They also contain vitamin C (another antioxidant that also supports the immune system), vitamin K, manganese, and fiber. Bananas contain a lot of potassium as well as B vitamins, vitamin C, and other antioxidants and phytonutrients. Blueberries and bananas are best thought of as treats for dogs but can also be incorporated into a homemade diet. A veterinary nutritionist should always be involved in preparing appropriate recipes based on a dog’s particular needs. Recipes that are available online or in books are almost never nutritionally complete and balanced. Any new food can cause gastrointestinal problems in dogs. Feed just a small amount at first to see how your dog reacts. Keep treats of all sorts, including blueberries and bananas, to just 10% of a dog’s diet to avoid nutritional imbalances. Call your veterinarian for advice if your dog gets into a large amount of any type of new food.

Question: What tips and advice you can give about adopting a pet from rescue or a shelter?

Hi we’re looking to adopt a pet from a shelter, but we are curious on what factors should someone consider before owning a rescue/ shelter dog? How can we prepare for the unexpected when adopting a rescue? What are proper or healthy expectations to have when you rescue a dog from a shelter? Do you have any interesting personal stories about owning a rescue dog or working with one that might give people a little insight into what owning a rescue can be like?

Answer:

Pet parents often overestimate the predictability of purchasing a purebred animal. Individual variability plays a huge role in a dog’s personality. For example, while Boston Terriers have a well-deserved reputation for being absolute sweethearts, one of the most aggressive dogs I’ve ever worked with as a veterinarian was a Boston.

A big benefit of adopting a dog from the shelter is having access to shelter personnel. They truly want to make a good match, and they know the pets they’ve been caring for. Shelter personnel can often give you a good idea of a dog’s personality and help you determine if they might be a good addition to your family. Dogs in shelters will have undergone a thorough veterinary checkup and should have at least started their vaccinations and other forms of preventive care.

If health problems were noted, they may have been treated (a dental cleaning with extractions, for example) or they will at least be noted so you have an idea of what you might need to address. Many shelters also have extensive socialization programs so they will assess and work on a dog’s behavior before putting them up for adoption. Never overlook shelters and rescues. Dogs who have experienced the rough side of life can be extremely affectionate when they finally find a loving, forever home.

Question: What’s the Best Cat Litter Boxes? What you should know when buying Cat Litter Boxes?

What is the best and worst kind of litter box? What is the number one thing cat owners should know when buying a litter box?

Answer:

Most cats prefer large, open-topped litterboxes. Avoid litter boxes with hoods. Even though we like the way they trap odors and help prevent litter from spreading around, cats will often avoid using them. Cats want to be able to keep an eye on their surroundings when they are in the “bathroom” and can be very particular about using a smelly box.

Open litterboxes with high sides can help keep things neat but make there is one low spot so your cat can get in and out. This is especially important for pets with mobility issues, like older cats with arthritis. Always have at least one more litterbox than the number of cats in your home. So, if you have one cat, you need at least two boxes.

The best litter for most cats is an unscented, clumping cat litter that contains activated charcoal. However, cats can develop very definite litter preferences, so other options may work better for a particular individual.

Avoid highly-scented cat litters. Cats have a much better sense of smell than we do, so even if the litter smells good to us, cats can find it very irritating
Whatever type of litter you use, make sure you scoop the box at least once a day.

Question: What is Orthopedic Dog Bed? How are they different from a regular Dog bed? 

Hi i’d like to know what’s the definition of an “orthopedic” bed? The term seems to be thrown around a lot, when we’re talking about mattresses … is that a real term with any kind of regulation around it? How is an orthopedic dog bed different from a regular dog bed? Is searching for “orthopedic” beds a good place to start, or should pet parents prioritize something different for senior/arthritic dogs? What qualities should pet parents look for in an “orthopedic” bed? Which dogs will get the most mileage out of an orthopedic bed? Which won’t? (maybe dogs recovering from an injury or those with hip dysplasia?) Ultimately: do you think these beds offer real health benefits? And can they help my dog feel better?

Answer:

Orthopedic pet beds generally provide significantly more padding than traditional pet beds. Some include memory foam, which is especially good at reducing pressure on skin and over joints. However, there is no regulation over the use of the term “orthopedic” when it comes to dog beds. Pets with chronic musculoskeletal problems like osteoarthritis often benefit from orthopedic beds. The extra padding helps support painful joints and provides insulation against cold floors that can worsen a dog’s symptoms.

Pets with thin skin or bony frames, including the elderly or breeds like greyhounds, enjoy sleeping on orthopedic beds since thinner mattresses may lead to uncomfortable pressure points and potentially pressure sores. Any pet who spends a lot of time lying down would appreciate the extra support and padding of an orthopedic bed. If your dog is suffering from illness or injury, is disabled, or is getting on in years, an orthopedic bed would make a wonderful gift.

As is the case for all pet bedding, the padding in orthopedic beds breaks down over time. Check your pet’s bed every month or so and be prepared to replace it when it becomes noticeably less “cushiony.”

Most dogs need more than one bed. Dogs want to be where their people are, so unless you’re willing to cart a bed around the house, make sure there are several in the areas where you spend most of your time and where you expect your dog to spend the night.

Question: How to bond with a dog and to make sure they’re comfortable at home?

Let say I have a new dog and I need practical tips on how to bond with my dog. What can you do to make sure the new pup is comfortable in his new home? What to do if you have other pets or small children in the home? Thank you!

Answer: 

Never use punishment to try to train your dog! Positive reinforcement dog training means that you focus on good behaviors, which will eventually eliminate problem behaviors. For example, when a dog remains seated instead of jumping up on you, you give them lots of praise and a treat. If they jump up on you, immediately walk away and ignore them for a few minutes. With time, dogs realize they get what they want (your attention and a treat) when they do what you want. Studies have shown that training techniques that make use of negative reinforcement/punishment are stressful for dogs and can lead to anxiety-related behaviors. Using rewards and other forms of positive reinforcement is a more effective and humane way to train dogs. Never yell, hit, or punish your dog. Dogs remember negative experiences for a long time.

Early socialization is very important. A puppy who is given a lot of attention in a safe and loving home will usually be comfortable in many different situations when they are older. Peak socialization periods for dogs tend to occur around 6 to 8 weeks of age and again around 6 to 8 months of age/ When working with a new, adult dog, create a safe and respectful home that meets all their needs—good food, clean water, comfortable beds, toys, and lots of walks. Over time, the dog will start associating you with all the good things you provide.

Throwing a ball or a stuffed toy for your dog is one of the best games there is. It’s fun and a great way for your dog to get some exercise. If your dog hasn’t quite learned to “drop it” yet, play with multiple balls or toys. Most dogs will drop the first one to go chase a second. Avoid games like tug-of-war because some dogs forget their manners when they are in direct competition with a person.

Dogs should always have a safe place where they can escape and take a break when things get overwhelming, particularly when there are children in the home. A comfortable crate placed in a quiet corner usually works well. Make sure kids know never to disturb a pet who is in their crate, sleeping, eating, or drinking. Teach children to move slowly when petting a dog, and never grab ahold of their fur. Pets should always feel like they can walk away when they’ve had enough attention.

Question: Why does Cat Purr? how they do it, why they do it, and what it means.

Just writing a couple of questions about Cat purring, what are some reasons that cats purr? (for bonding? To self-soothe? So their owners can find them? etc.) Why do cats purr when they are in pain, such as when giving birth or dying? I’ve read that cats can purr at frequencies that may stimulate healing (even in humans): is there any merit to this claim? I’ve also heard that cats are capable of producing a clever combination of a purr and a specific cry that mimics a human child (a sound that’s very hard for us to ignore)…could this be evidence that cats have learned how to manipulate us?How can cat owners interpret their cat’s purring? What clues/context should they be looking for?

Answer:

Purring is a form of communication that often seems to be associated with contentment in cats. We can’t say for sure, but it’s probably a way for cats to tell those around them that whatever is going on at the moment meets with their approval. However, cats may also purr when they are stressed, sick, or injured. Research has shown that the frequencies cats generate when they purr promote healing, so it is possible that these cats are trying to make themselves feel better.

Most purring is related to positive emotions and/or events in cats. However, cats who are purring and exhibiting signs of illness, injury, or anxiety should be seen by a veterinarian. Meows do occur at much the same acoustic frequency as a human baby’s cry. They can also combine a meow and a purr, which has been dubbed solicitation purring. Research has shown that people find solicitation purring less annoying than straight-up meowing so it’s more likely to get cats what they want. Cats are simply trying different ways of communicating with us and when they hit upon a signal that works, they’ll keep using it.

This is why the best way to get your cat to stop doing something that annoys you is to not react to that behavior at all. Reward the behaviors you want to see and ignore those that you don’t.

Question: What Are The Best Trailers For Dogs and Safety Tips

Hi i’m looking for the best trailers for dogs and I’m hoping to get your insights on what to look for in a dog trailer but also safety tips and what to keep in mind when actually cycling with a dog trailer.

Answer:

Cycling trailers for dogs should include many of the same safety and comfort features as those designed to carry children.

The best bike trailers are lightweight and streamlined but still durable. They need to provide excellent ventilation but also have the ability to cover openings should the weather take a turn for the worse. Make sure you can easily get your dog in and out of the trailer. Some added storage can also be handy. Check the height and weight limitations of the trailer. Do not exceed a trailer’s capacity by either cramming in a dog who is too big or by hauling more than one pet when it can’t be done safely. Attach a tall safety flag to the trailer to make it more visible to nearby cars. Attach your dog’s collar or harness to the inside of the trailer using a short tether so they can’t leap out and run away while you are cycling or when you stop and open the trailer sides.

Dog trailers need to be comfortable but easy to clean. Look for removable floor liners and the option to add a pet bed.

Question: What are the best dogs for beginners?

What are the best dogs breeds for beginners/new pet that you can suggest to new pet owners and why. Can you share some general information about what new pet parents should consider when getting a dog and why certain breeds are easier if you’ve never had one before.

Answer:

The best dog breed for a new pet parent depends on a variety of factors. The best dog for a beginner will have a laid-back, forgiving nature and be relatively easy to train. But you also need to look at things like size, activity level, and grooming needs to determine whether they’d be a good fit for a particular family’s lifestyle.

1. Labrador and Golden Retrievers are usually good options. They tend to be kind-hearted and tolerant of mishaps. However, they are large and require a lot of exercise to stay physically and mentally healthy. Their double coats also shed a lot.
2. Boxers are similar in size to Labs and Goldens but shed less. They are also very people oriented but have more than their fair share of health problems.
3. If you are looking for a smaller dog, a Beagle might be a good option. They are friendly, active, and fun-loving but can be loud.
4. Miniature Poodles are of a similar size and have the added benefit of not shedding. Don’t be put off by their upscale reputation—they are playful, smart, and athletic.
5. The Newfoundland is a gentle, patient giant that is great with people, as long as you can handle their size and prolific drool and shedding.

More important than a dog’s breed is the personality of the individual dog, which means you should never overlook mutts, particularly those in shelters. Shelter personnel can often give you a good idea of a dog’s personality and help you determine if they might be a good addition to your family.

Question: What are your favorites vacuums for pets?

Hi! What can you suggest for best pet vacuums to rely on, whether professionally or personally?

Answer

A high-quality, powerful vacuum is an absolute must if you live with pets who shed significant amounts of hair. Look for vacuums that have a HEPA filter, particularly if you suffer from allergies. Pet hair has a way of getting everywhere, so attachments that let you easily clean upholstery, stairs, baseboards, under furniture, and in crevices are very helpful. If your pets (or any people in your home) have long hair, look for a vacuum with a self-cleaning brush roll. I’m currently using the Shark Apex Upright Vacuum that has a self-cleaning brush roll and haven’t had to cut away tangles of hair since I’ve had it. A large dry mop is a great tool for quickly removing hair from hard floors. Simply push all the pet hair into a corner and use the detachable hose on a vacuum to suck it up. Avoid using brooms since they can push a lot of hair and dander into the air.

Question

Hello feline experts!  would love to get some advice from you about healthy cat weight. How can cat owners determine if their cat is a healthy weight? Is there an indication that my cat is within normal weight, is underweight, or is overweight? are there any physical characteristics and/or other signs (such as energy levels) ? Can I determine their pet’s “body condition score” (BCS) by myself at home? If so, can you offer any guidelines on how to do so? What’s the difference between an overweight cat and an obese cat? What are some actionable steps I can take if my cat is overweight or obese? What about if my cat is underweight or refusing to eat? How can I help them? How often should I be feeding my cats? Are feeding guidelines the same for both underweight and overweight cats? 7. I understand that many cats have what’s called a “primordial pouch.” How can I differentiate between that and just a fat, overweight belly? Many thanks for considering all my questions! Have a wonderful day

Answer

According to recent estimates, more than half of pet cats are overweight. Being overweight can reduce a cat’s lifespan and adversely affect their quality of life. The hormones and inflammatory cytokines released by fat cause chronic inflammation. Being overweight increases a cat’s risk for diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidoses, arthritis, and lower urinary tract disease. When getting up and moving around takes so much work, it’s not too surprising that overweight cats tend to spend more time just lying around. Activities that require extra effort like climbing long flights of stairs or jumping onto counters are often the first to go. A cat’s body fat percentage is influenced by many factors including genetics, activity level, spay/neuter status, breed, age, feeding method, and the type and amount of food they eat. The word “obese” is typically used to describe pets that are 20% or more over their ideal weight. “Overweight” is used for pets that are 10-19% over their ideal weight. A body condition scoring chart, like the one put together by WSAVA (https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cat-Body-Condition-Scoring-2017.pdf), can help owners determine if their cat is underweight, overweight, or just right. In general, a cat who is at their ideal body condition will have a visible waist when looked down on from above. It should be easy to feel their ribs with gentle pressure, but their ribs should not be visible. Their belly and their chest will be at approximately the same height off the ground. The cat’s abdominal fat pad (primordial pouch) should be very small. A veterinarian can identify what a cat’s ideal weight should be, and then use this to estimate the cat’s resting energy requirement. An appropriate multiplier is then used to determine the cat’s daily energy requirement based on whether they need to gain or lose weight. Keep in mind that these numbers will need to be adjusted as a cat gains or loses weight. If a cat is only a little overweight, owners may be able to take care of the problem on their own. Gradually decrease the cat’s caloric intake by about fifteen percent. First scale back on treats, table scraps, and other extras and then, if necessary, reduce the amount of cat food you offer or switch to a product that has a lower caloric density. Weigh your cat weekly, with a goal of helping them lose around one percent of their body weight per week. Due to a lack of consistency in labeling, some over the counter, “weight loss” foods may only offer slight calorie reductions or even be more energy dense than a cat’s current diet. Therapeutic diets (available only under veterinary supervision) designed for weight loss contain a reduced number of calories while still providing adequate amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals and promoting a feeling of fullness and are best for cats that need to lose significant amounts of weight.

What are common causes of bloody stool in dogs?

Parvovirus

Parvovirus is a potentially fatal disease most often affecting young, unvaccinated, or incompletely vaccinated dogs that causes lethargy, decreased appetite, and bloody diarrhea and/or vomiting. It is very contagious and is spread through contact with contaminated fecal material. Dogs with parvo require immediate treatment for the best chance of survival. ¹

Parasites

Common intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, and coccidia can cause inflammation and damage to the intestines resulting in diarrhea and/or bloody stool.² These are often easily treated with the appropriate medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Monthly heartworm preventatives commonly help protect against certain types of intestinal worms as well,³ so keeping your dog up-to-date on this is important.

Colitis

Colitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the colon. It can be due to multiple causes, including stress, intestinal parasites, infections (E. coli, Salmonella, etc.), or ingestion of unfamiliar foods, contaminated food or water, or foreign objects. Colitis is associated with frequent diarrhea that often contains small amounts of blood, and may range from mild to severe.⁴

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ that helps digest food and regulate blood sugar. Pancreatitis may be caused by ingestion of a fatty meal or steroid medication, but also often develops with no known cause. Symptoms include lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. While some dogs recover well from pancreatitis, in others, the condition may become chronic or life-threatening.⁵ Treating this right away is important to prevent serious complications.

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Dogs having large amounts of blood in the stool may be diagnosed with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, or HGE. This is a condition characterized by sudden vomiting and very bloody diarrhea. The cause of HGE is unknown, but it may be related to an overgrowth of Clostridium bacteria in the intestines,⁶ and is often seen in small or toy breed dogs. Due to the severity of this condition, affected dogs require medical treatment as soon as possible.⁷

Anal gland disease

Anal glands are scent glands located on either side of a dog’s anus; they produce a foul-smelling liquid that is normally expelled with the feces during defecation. However, in some dogs, the anal glands are not expressed properly, and can become infected and painful. If the glands become too full, they can also rupture, causing a wound near the anus. Due to their proximity to the anus, infected or ruptured anal glands can cause small amounts of blood to appear in the stool on defecation. Anal gland disease requires prompt medical treatment, but is not life-threatening.⁸

What should I do if I notice blood in my dog’s stool?

Contact your veterinarian

Since some causes of bloody stool are more serious than others, contacting your veterinarian for guidance is a good first step for any owner noticing blood in their dog’s stool. Veterinary professionals can learn more about your dog’s specific situation to determine what potential causes are most likely, and whether the dog should be seen, or if at-home treatment with close monitoring is an appropriate course of action.

Take young puppies with bloody stool to the veterinarian immediately

Young puppies that have not been vaccinated, have not yet completed their vaccines, or only recently completed their vaccinations (within 1 month) should be taken to the veterinarian immediately if bloody stool is noted, as this can be a sign of parvovirus.

Take dogs with large amounts of blood in the stool to the veterinarian immediately

Dogs having large amounts of blood in the stool (more than a few drops or small streaks) should be taken to the veterinarian immediately to prevent significant blood loss or dehydration.

Take dogs with additional symptoms to the veterinarian as soon as possible

Dogs with lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain in addition to the bloody stool should see a veterinarian as soon as possible, as multiple symptoms may indicate a more serious illness that requires veterinary treatment.

Take dogs with black, tarry stool to the veterinarian immediately

Dogs experiencing bleeding in their upper gastrointestinal tract (the stomach or adjacent small intestine) will have black, tarry stool, rather than having bright red blood in the stool. In this case, the stool looks black because the blood is digested by the rest of the intestines as it passes through, which changes its appearance.⁹ If you notice that your dog has a black, tarry bowel movement, you should take the dog to the veterinarian right away, as this can indicate an emergency requiring immediate care.

Summary

You should briefly examine your dogs’ bowel movements daily to ensure they are normal. Fecal material can convey valuable information about your dog’s health, and it is important to note any changes in the frequency, consistency, quantity, or color of your dog’s bowel movements. Blood in the stool is a concerning finding that can be due to relatively benign or potentially life-threatening causes. For this reason, you should consult your veterinarian as soon as you notice this, and monitor your dog closely for other signs of illness. Bloody stool in young puppies, large amounts of blood in the stool, or black, tarry stool are always emergencies and should be addressed immediately by taking your dog to the veterinarian.

We’ve all had a hoarse voice after a day of cheering our favorite team or when cold season strikes. We typically pop in a throat lozenge or brew some tea with honey to soothe our vocal woes. Keep reading to learn some reasons why your cat’s meow may sound raspy, and what you can do to help when your tabby is not so gabby.

Why Does My Cat’s Meow Sound Weak and Raspy?

There are six main reasons your cat’s meow may sound weak and raspy:

1. Over use
2. Infectious laryngitis
3. Air pollution
4. Trauma or Foreign Material
5. Tumors
6. A few less common causes (laryngeal paralysis, recent intubation for surgery or dental procedures, congenital abnormalities, surgical complications, or neuromuscular and Autoimmune disorders)

Read on to learn more about each possible cause for your cat’s hoarseness, as well as what you should do if your cat’s meow changes.

1. Over-use

If you’ve ever been to a sporting event, concert, or party where you cheered, sang, or gossiped with gusto, you know that our vocals have limits. Your voice may become raspy and weak by bedtime. The same can occur with cats. Usually the circumstances are more distressing than fun. A cat stuck under a porch, injured, or lost may repeatedly vocalize due to fear, pain, or to call for help.³ If you find your kitty stuck in a tree after hours of searching, don’t be surprised if she temporarily loses the gift of gab.

2. Infectious Laryngitis

Cats with infectious laryngitis usually have more than a raspy voice. Nasal congestion, sneezing, discharge from the eyes and nose, poor appetite, and lethargy may accompany a weak voice.⁴ Affected cats may have difficulty breathing and emit a high-pitched sound on inhalation.⁵ Just as we hide under the covers and turn away food when illness strikes, so do cats.

Feline herpes virus and calicivirus are two potential causes of infectious laryngitis.⁶ Your veterinarian vaccinates kittens and cats for these viruses, but often cats have already been exposed in shelters or by their mothers.⁷ Some viruses can hide in the body until a cat becomes emotionally or physically stressed.⁸⁹ Luckily there are treatments to target infections, speed up recovery, and reduce frequency of recurrence. Stress management through pheromones, enrichment, and even cat towers all may help reduce recurrence of viral infections.

3. Air Pollution

Smoke, construction particles, dust, and molds can all lead to irritant-induced laryngitis.¹⁰ If your kitty’s meow has changed since your roommate started smoking, it’s time to enforce some clean air ground rules. Even an adventure roaming through the attic of an old home can cause a case of the whispers. Removing either the irritant or your cat from the environment should lead to a return of the normal purr.

4. Trauma or Foreign Material

Traumatic injuries to the neck can impact the larynx, leading to a voice change.¹¹ There may be no external sign of trauma such as an open wound. Cats that go outside are more susceptible to injury through fights with neighborhood pets or wild animals, or even being hit by a car.¹²

Cats may sustain injury from normal predatory activity. For example, if they snack on a bird or mouse, the hard bits can cause trauma to the larynx, leading to swelling or an abscess. Sometimes objects such as bones, parts of toys, or hairballs¹³ can become lodged in the upper airway, causing pain, voice change, and difficulty breathing and swallowing.¹⁴ A veterinarian will be able to identify signs of trauma, foreign material, or abscesses with a laryngoscope, endoscope, and X-rays.

4. Tumors

Tumors, both benign and malignant, can affect the larynx. Voice changes may be the first clue. Cancers of the surrounding nerves may also be to blame. Your vet will need to take X-rays and run lab tests to diagnose cancer. Chemotherapy can often improve quality of life and lifespan.¹⁵

6. Less Frequent Causes

Additional reasons why a cat may have a raspy or weak voice are much less common, but important to consider.¹⁶¹⁷

• Laryngeal paralysis
• Recent intubation for surgery or dental procedures
• Congenital abnormalities
• Surgical complications
• Neuromuscular and Autoimmune disorders

What Should You Do If Your Cat’s Meow Changes?

If your cat’s meow comes out sounding like she just gargled her kitty litter, it’s time to call your veterinarian. Be sure to tell them when the voice change began, if there has been exposure to other cats, and whether or not there are potential irritants in the home. These may include second-hand cigarette smoke, fireplace smoke, dust from a renovation, or even strong cleaning fluid fumes.

Recently adopted, stressed, or young cats are more likely to have an upper respiratory infection.¹⁸ Older cats are more prone to tumors.¹⁹ Your veterinarian will consider your cat’s age, history, and other clinical signs when diagnosing the cause for a weak voice. Often sedation is required to perform a laryngeal exam and X-rays. They may swab the nasal cavity and run bloodwork. Once a diagnosis is made, medication, surgery, or other therapy can often lead to recovery.

Remember that when your chatty companion clams up, a trip to the vet may be needed to distinguish minor irritation from a major meow malfunction. In most cases, a few days of soft food, water, and low stress can help your kitty regain her full vocal repertoire.

Image courtesy of: https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cherry-eye-in-dogs

1. Understand Why Cherry Eye Occurs

Now that you understand the importance of the third eyelid, let’s talk about why cherry eye occurs. The third eyelid has an associated gland that is responsible for creating approximately 30-40% of the tears for the eye.² Maintaining a normal tear film is essential for keeping your dog’s eyes comfortable and healthy. The gland of the third eyelid is attached to the lower rim of the eye by a ligament. In young dogs and certain breeds, this attachment may become weakened, which allows the gland to prolapse or herniate out of its normal position. Breeds commonly affected by cherry eye are Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, Lhasa Apsos, and brachycephalic breeds (which includes “smush” face dogs like Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, Pekingese, Shih Tzus, etc.). Aside from genetic predisposition, occasionally physical trauma to the eye can cause the third eyelid gland to prolapse.³

2. Recognize the Symptoms of Cherry Eye

Cherry eye will appear as a pink or red swollen mass in the inner corner of your dog’s eye. The mass may be small and may seemingly disappear on its own. Other times, the cherry eye can be quite large and cover a significant portion of your dog’s eye. You may notice the cherry eye only affects one eye, while other times it can affect both eyes.⁴ Cherry eye is generally not a painful condition, but you should watch for signs of discomfort, such as squinting, pawing at the face, excessive tearing, or conjunctivitis (redness and inflammation in the tissues surrounding the eye).

Image courtesy of: https://animalvisioncare.com/eye-conditions/canine/third-eyelid-gland-prolapse-cherry-eye/

3. Consult With Your Veterinarian

Once you notice the symptoms of cherry eye, you should always consult with your family veterinarian about treatment options. Your veterinarian will conduct a thorough eye examination to determine the severity of the condition and to rule out any other eye conditions that may be present. This is particularly important in brachycephalic breeds, which are genetically predisposed to other conditions that can affect the eyelids.⁵ Your veterinarian will thoroughly examine the cornea (the outermost layer of the eye), the conjunctiva (the tissues surrounding the eye), the eyelids, and the fundus (the back surface of the eye that contains the retina). Based on this examination, your veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan appropriate for your dog.

4. Discuss Your Treatment Options

While your veterinarian may prescribe an eye medication to temporarily help decrease inflammation and discomfort, surgical treatment is the best option to treat cherry eye in dogs. Your veterinarian might be able to perform this surgery, however, be prepared that they may also refer you to a veterinary ophthalmologist (a veterinarian who specializes in eye conditions) for the best possible outcome. Check out this link to find board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists in your area. The veterinarian will put your dog under general anesthesia to replace the prolapsed gland. Usually, two small incisions are made around the cherry eye to create a “pocket.” The prolapsed gland is tucked away into this pocket and stitched closed. Your veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic eye drop or ointment and oral pain medications to help your dog recover from surgery.⁶⁷ If your dog seems uncomfortable or is rubbing at the eye, an Elizabethan collar will be recommended so they don’t disrupt healing of the surgical site. The stitches will be absorbable and will not need to be removed, and the incision is typically healed within 2 weeks.

5. Weigh the Pros and Cons of Surgery

While any kind of surgery can sound intimidating, it is considered the only definitive way to treat cherry eye in dogs. The biggest pro of surgery is that once the incision is healed, your dog has a great chance for the third eyelid gland to return to its normal function and appearance within a few weeks. For many dogs, the surgery is considered curative. Great news, right? Not so fast. This brings us to one of the biggest cons of surgery, which is recurrence of the cherry eye. It is estimated that between 5-20% of dogs who undergo surgery for cherry eye experience a recurrence of the prolapse, which could require repeated surgical intervention.⁸ Another thing to be aware of is that even in some dogs who undergo surgical correction for cherry eye, there is still some risk for development of dry eye at some point in their life. Finally, you should know that if your dog has cherry eye in only one eye, they can develop it in the other eye at any time.⁹ Check out this article written by a veterinary ophthalmologist about treatment options for cherry eye.

6. Know the Risks of Non-Surgical Treatment

Despite the risks of surgery, the benefits of attempting surgical correction are far greater. If you decide not to pursue surgical correction of your dog’s cherry eye, there are some important risks to know about. Since the gland of the third eyelid produces such a large portion of your dog’s tear film, untreated cherry eyes can lead to a condition called keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), more commonly known as dry eye.¹⁰ Symptoms of dry eye include eye discomfort, redness, squinting, and excessive eye discharge. Once your dog develops dry eye, it is considered a lifelong condition that requires treatment with one or multiple medications you will put in your dog’s eyes to ease the discomfort. To make things worse, dogs that develop dry eye are at greater risk for developing painful corneal ulcers and eye infections. In addition, untreated cherry eye also predisposes your dog to developing conjunctivitis and abnormal eye discharge. Without surgical treatment, the only thing you can safely try at home is to try to keep the eye lubricated with artificial tears.¹¹

7. Be Patient!

If you have a puppy who has cherry eye, know that sometimes the condition can resolve on its own without surgery as your pup grows.¹² Your veterinarian may possibly recommend surgical correction of the cherry eye at the same time as their spay or neuter. Remember that even with surgery, recurrence of the cherry can certainly happen. Eye conditions can be frustrating but understand that there is not necessarily a one-size-fits-all approach to treating cherry eye in dogs. Always bring up any concerns with your veterinarian so you can discuss how to keep your dog’s eyes healthy and keep your furry family members happy!

Most people feel that their dogs are part of the family. Dogs have moved from backyard pets into our homes. Like children, dogs will occasionally have emergencies that require medical care.

As a veterinarian, I have dogs rushed into my hospital with swollen faces frequently. It can be quite alarming to arrive home and find that your dog’s face is swollen. If your dog suddenly has a swollen face, there are several things that may be causing the issue.

Signs of An Allergic Reaction

The most mentioned complaint from dog owners with dogs who have a swollen face and are experiencing an allergic reaction is that the dog is pawing at its head.¹

Other potential signs include:

• swollen eyelids
• swollen ears
• hives
• redness of the eyes
• itchiness
• vomiting or diarrhea

These clinical signs are classic for a dog that is experiencing an allergic reaction. The swelling, itching, and hives indicate that the dog’s immune system is having an exaggerated response to something considered foreign.

The most common causes of an allergic reaction in a dog include²:

• medications
• pollen
• dust
• mold
• food
• insect bites

If the dog has received a vaccination, this too could be a possible cause for their swollen face. Though rare, some dogs will have adverse reactions when vaccinated.³⁴

It is a myth that allergic reactions always occur immediately after the dog has encountered the foreign substance. In fact, though a reaction may occur immediately, it is common for allergic reactions to manifest up to 48 hours later.⁵

Any allergic reaction can be an emergency, so it is vital to consult your dog’s veterinarian as soon as signs are noticed.

The Severity of Allergic Reactions – Mild to Life-Threatening

Mild Allergic Reactions

In some cases, a dog may have such a mild allergic reaction that the signs may go unnoticed. These types of reactions can consist of a few hives, itchy skin, or a bump and redness where the allergen contacted the dog.⁶

Some dogs will be mildly lethargic, sore, or even have a fever following vaccinations. These are normal occurrences and are an indicator that the dog’s immune system is responding appropriately to the vaccine. These are not allergic reactions.⁷

More Severe Allergic Reactions

Suppose you come home and find your dog displaying signs of a more severe allergic reaction, for example, a swollen face, severe itchiness, hives covering their body, or vomiting. In that case, they should be taken to a veterinarian immediately. Treatment will likely be needed.

Though rare, an extremely severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis can occur when dogs are exposed to specific allergens. Signs of anaphylaxis include all of the signs mentioned above, plus difficulty breathing, shaking, and loss of consciousness.⁸

If a dog is experiencing true anaphylaxis, it is a life-threatening emergency. Time is of the essence, and emergency treatment must be administered right away. Anaphylaxis can cause failure of the respiratory system and the heart, resulting in death.

Medical Care for Allergic Reactions in Dogs

If you have a dog suspected of having an allergic reaction, you must consult your veterinarian for treatment right away.

Mild allergic reactions may not require any treatment, or they may be treated with simple over-the-counter antihistamines.⁹ Never administer any medication to your dog without the guidance of a veterinarian.

Dogs are not small humans and have different physiology. Some medications that are safe for humans are toxic to dogs, and those that are safe often have very different doses when given to dogs.¹⁰

In the case of a more severe reaction, the veterinarian may administer other medications to aid in your dog’s recovery. These may include:

• intravenous fluids for cardiovascular support
• steroids to halt the allergic reaction
• bronchodilators to improve breathing
• injectable antihistamines to calm the allergic reaction

In severe cases, hospitalization and oxygen therapy may be necessary.¹¹

Identifying the Culprit

Once the dog has been successfully treated and the allergic reaction is under control, it is essential to try to identify what foreign substance caused the reaction in the first place.

The pet’s environment should be inspected for bugs (spiders, ants, bees, and wasps) or any foods or plants the dog may have ingested. Tell your veterinarian about any medications given to the dog or that they may have accidentally ingested. New foods, treats, cleaning products, and laundry detergents should also be investigated.

Prevention of Allergic Reactions

Once a dog has had an allergic reaction, the only way to prevent another is to keep them from encountering the allergen again.

Dogs are curious and playful and can often stick their noses where they don’t belong – literally. Bites and stings from insects can be impossible to prevent, but if there are insects in the dog’s environment, an effort should be made to remove them.

In the rare case of a vaccine reaction, you should discuss the need for additional vaccines with your veterinarian. The risk of the reaction should be weighed against the benefit of the vaccine for the dog. The severity of the reaction, the dog’s age, vaccine status, and its lifestyle should all be considered when deciding on future vaccines.

Dogs with a history of vaccine reaction may be pre-medicated with antihistamines to avoid another reaction.¹² Additionally, vaccines for these dogs should be spaced out, and they should only receive one vaccine at a time until the vaccine they are allergic to is discovered.

Any dog with a history of an allergic reaction should be monitored closely after vaccination, following an insect bite or sting, or when being given a new medication.

Final Thoughts

Coming home to discover your beloved pup with a swollen face or other signs of an allergic reaction can be frightening. A veterinarian should always be consulted in these situations.

Remember that true anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency. Every dog owner should know what to do in the case of a crisis before it happens. This includes learning how to contact your dog’s veterinarian after hours or where the nearest emergency veterinary hospital is located.

After the reaction has passed, it is essential to identify the trigger so that another reaction can be avoided in the future.

As a veterinarian, I’m often asked what causes pain in dogs, how to tell if a dog is in pain, and what to give a dog for pain. Grab your leash as we walk through some pertinent points about pain in dogs and how we can soothe our painful pooches.

1. What Are Some Causes of Pain in Dogs?

If Benji scarfs down his breakfast but remains a no-show for dinner, he may be hurting. But why? Acute pain is the kind we expect with an injury or severe infection. Chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, typically cause pain lasting three months or longer.¹ Here are some conditions that will cause some serious ouch for your pooch:

• Panosteitis (growing pains in puppies)
• Intestinal obstructions or other gastrointestinal distress
• Bone and tooth fractures
• Ligament tears such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
• Severe ear infections
• Urinary tract infections or stones
• Pancreatitis
• Cancer
• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
• Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV, or bloat)
• Corneal ulcers
• Glaucoma
• Autoimmune or infectious diseases
• Burns
• Torn toenails
• Hip and elbow dysplasia
• Osteoarthritis

2. How Can I Tell if My Dog Is in Pain?

When your enthusiastic exercise partner punks out before his paws hit the sidewalk, pain may be to blame. Behavior changes such as depression, hiding, excessive licking, restlessness, or even growling may indicate that your dog is suffering. From traumatic bone fractures to Lyme disease, limping may indicate a number of painful conditions.² Here are some other signs to watch for:

• Impaired mobility, stiff gait, or reduced range of limb motion
• Body language (low tail and head, flat ears, prayer position)
• Poor appetite
• Excessive panting or pacing
• Whining
• Trembling
• Evidence of a wound, injury, broken tooth, or bleeding
• “Slowing down” with age

3. What Should I Do if My Dog Is in Pain?

If you suspect your dog is in pain, call your veterinarian. Veterinarians are medical detectives uniquely trained to identify pain in our non-verbal furry friends. Be prepared to describe your dog’s behavior, duration of the problem, medical history, and any possibility your dog could have eaten something inappropriate. By considering breed, age, gender, and history, your vet will begin to narrow the list of possibilities.

4. What Can I Do at Home for My Painful Dog?

First and foremost: Do not give human pain relievers to your dog.

This includes aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or any other over-the-counter or prescription human medicine. Just because you know people who have done this with no (apparent) ill effect does not mean it’s safe for your dog. Although some human medications are prescribed for dogs, they should only be given under the direction of a veterinarian to avoid toxic effects to the kidneys, liver, and stomach.³

If you can’t get to the vet right away, there are comfort measures you can perform in the short term until your appointment.

• Provide a quiet, comfortable resting spot away from family activity
• Bring food and water to your dog
• Apply a cool compress for an acute injury, or warm compress for osteoarthritis
• Help them outside with a sling if a hind limb is hurt, or carry small dogs
• Offer soft food if oral pain is suspected
• Keep children away to avoid unwanted touch and dog bites

5. What Can My Veterinarian Do for Pain?

First, your vet will need to make a diagnosis. They will further narrow the list by observing posture, attitude, and performing the crucial physical exam. They may recommend lab work, radiographs, ultrasound, CT scan, or cytology to make a final diagnosis.

If the cause of pain is an intestinal obstruction, fractured bone, or dental abscess, then surgery and intravenous pain medication such as opioids may be indicated.⁴⁵⁶ Local anesthetic may be used as well. If there’s a urinary tract infection, your vet may prescribe antibiotics and oral pain medication.⁷ Glaucoma requires medications to reduce eye pressure.⁸

Whether your dog goes home with a short course of oral pain medication for an infection or injury, or a long-term prescription plan for osteoarthritis, there are numerous options. The most common pain relievers are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDS. These include carprofen, firocoxib, etodolac, meloxicam, and grapiprant. Other pain relievers include gabapentin and amantadine.⁹ In severe cases, your veterinarian may prescribe an opioid such as morphine, fentanyl, or buprenorphine.¹⁰

6. What Alternative Methods of Pain Relief Are Available for Dogs?

Smart pain management includes multiple methods to reduce side effects and match the pain to the plan. Think about it: you may add salt to your foods to improve taste, but you wouldn’t add it to ice cream. With pain management, it’s not one size fits all either.

Many dogs can’t tolerate oral pain relievers. Luckily, there are several effective adjunctive therapies. Many of these are helpful for chronic conditions, and can actually help improve the underlying pathology.

• Acupuncture
• Therapeutic laser
• Physical therapy, hydrotherapy, and massage
• Weight management
• PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) therapy¹¹ such as the Assisi Loop
• Supplements – glucosamines,¹² omega-3 fatty acids,¹³ and hyaluronic acid combinations¹⁴
• Orthopedic bed

Acupuncture and therapeutic laser must be performed by a trained veterinary professional. With so many alternative choices for pain control, your veterinarian can guide you on the path to developing a well-rounded pain management plan for your four-legged pal.

The Bottom Line on Pain Control in Dogs

When your dog seems painful, beeline to the vet. The key to proper pain control is to diagnose the underlying problem. In many cases, resolving the problem will alleviate the pain. Pain relievers can be given intravenously in the hospital, or sent home in oral or even patch form. Talk to your veterinarian about medications and alternative therapies for ongoing conditions. Together, you can develop a plan to keep your pooch pain-free and catching frisbees for years to come.

Common Causes of Skin Scabbing

1. Parasites Including Fleas or Mites

Fleas are an extremely common cause of skin scabbing in dogs. Fleas are small insects that can be seen with the naked eye; they live on the skin surface and feed on a dog’s blood through biting. Flea bites are itchy and bothersome, causing dogs to scratch at themselves and create skin irritation.¹ In addition to itchiness from the bites themselves, some dogs are also allergic to flea saliva, which causes extremely severe itchiness. Scabs due to fleas are commonly located on a dog’s lower back around the tail base, but can be anywhere.²

Some types of skin mites can also cause itchiness and scabbing, such as the mite that causes sarcoptic mange. Dogs with sarcoptic mange often have hair loss and red, crusty, itchy skin on the ears, legs, or underbelly. Mites are microscopic and must be diagnosed by a veterinarian.³

2. Allergies

Dogs can have multiple types of allergies, including environmental allergies, food allergies, contact dermatitis, and flea allergies, as previously mentioned. Allergies in dogs are becoming increasingly common, and certain breeds may be more prone to them. Environmental allergies may develop in response to allergens such as pollens, dust, or grass, among many others. Dogs with food allergies are most often allergic to a protein source; the most common of these are chicken and beef. Itchiness and skin irritation are the main signs of both environmental and food allergies, but environmental allergies may flare up seasonally depending on the allergen, while food allergies are usually present year-round.⁴

Contact dermatitis is skin irritation that occurs when a dog touches an allergen or substance that causes skin damage. It may manifest as skin itchiness, redness, and/or hives. Many things can cause contact dermatitis depending on what the dog is allergic to; potential triggers include grasses, synthetic materials, cleaning products, and pesticides, among others.⁵

3. Skin Infections

Skin infections develop when there is pre-existing skin damage, often due to underlying allergies. When the normal skin barrier is compromised, bacteria and/or yeast can migrate from the skin surface into the deeper skin layers to cause infection. Skin infections are associated with swollen, red, itchy skin, often with overlying scabbing, brown discharge, or pus, and often having a bad odor.⁶

4. Seborrhea

Seborrhea is a condition in which the sebaceous glands, a type of oil gland in the skin, produce too much sebum, a waxy, oily substance that normally coats the skin to protect it. Sebum overproduction causes a dog’s skin to become red, itchy, and flaky, especially along the back. The skin and fur may feel oily or dry, and may have an unpleasant odor. Seborrhea can be genetically inherited, or develop due to underlying disorders such as Cushing’s disease or allergies, among others.⁷

Ways You May Help Your Dog if You Notice Skin Scabbing

1. Check for Fleas and Ensure Your Dog Is Up-to-Date on Flea Prevention

Fleas are most easily detected with a flea comb; run the comb through your dog’s fur, especially around the tail base, and look for any live fleas (small brown insects) or flea dirt (flea poop, black specks resembling coffee grounds) caught in the comb.⁸ Rubbing suspect debris on a wet paper towel can help to differentiate flea dirt from normal dirt: flea dirt is digested blood and will leave red marks when wet.⁹ Also make sure your dog is up-to-date on flea prevention; this should be taken year-round. Not all flea products are the same, so talk to your vet about which is best for your dog.

2. Bathe Your Dog

Bathing your dog with a hypoallergenic or oatmeal-based shampoo can help to remove allergens or irritants on the skin surface; oatmeal shampoo may also soothe itchiness.¹⁰ However, dogs should not be fully bathed more frequently than once every 2 weeks to avoid drying out the skin.

3. Consider Fish Oil Supplements

Fish oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects to help maintain skin health.¹¹¹² Fish-based dog foods are often high in omega-3 fatty acids, but dogs not eating a fish-based diet may take a daily fish oil supplement. This comes in liquid or capsule form and is often given with food. Fish oil is generally very safe, but you should still talk to your veterinarian to determine if fish oil is right for your dog, and at what dosage.

4. Talk to Your Veterinarian About Trying an Antihistamine

Antihistamines like Benadryl® and Zyrtec® can be taken by most dogs and are available over-the-counter. These medications may help with mild to moderate itchiness due to allergies, but are not effective in all dogs, and are often not sufficient to control severe itchiness.¹³¹⁴ Before giving this (or any) medication to your dog, you must first consult your veterinarian to ensure this is safe for your pup, and to determine the appropriate dosage.

5. Schedule an Appointment With Your Veterinarian

Dogs with underlying health conditions, severe itchiness, or significant skin lesions should be evaluated by a veterinarian. The vet will examine your dog, perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of the skin scabbing, and prescribe the appropriate treatment to get your pup feeling better.

1. Know What Is Normal

Dyschezia, meaning painful or difficult defecation, may or may not be associated with blood in the stool.  Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh blood from the anus, usually associated with stool.  The appearance may vary from red or pink streaks or specks on the feces to blood throughout the stool or passed alone. Black or tarry stools, called melena, indicate bleeding in the upper portion of the GI tract.¹

Cat feces should be malleable, formed, and tube-shaped.  Feces should not be so soft that it does not hold form; it should not be too hard or in numerous small balls or pellets.  Feces should be a medium to dark brown.²  Keep in mind that food dyes may discolor the stool.

2. Pay Attention to What Your Cat Is Doing in the Litter Box

The frequency of defecation and the appearance of stools may vary from cat to cat, pay attention to any change in frequency or appearance of stools.

Blood in the feces can occur if your cat is straining, either due to diarrhea or constipation, resulting in rupturing rectal blood vessels.  This usually looks like a normal stool with streaks of blood on the surface.³  In this case, the streaks of blood aren’t problematic, but the causes of the staining may be.

Remember that straining in the litterbox is often assumed to be due to constipation, but can be due to other problems including a urinary blockage, which is a life-threatening emergency.⁴ Therefore, veterinary care should be sought immediately if your cat is straining in the litter box.

3. Collect a Stool Sample

About a teaspoon of stool is usually required for testing, but the more stool, the better.  It is okay if there is cat litter on the stool sample.  Wear gloves and double bag the feces in zippered storage bags.  If the sample is collected overnight, place the baggie in the refrigerator away from food.⁵  Stool cannot be processed if it has dried out, or if it has soaked into a cloth or paper towel.

4. Is This an Emergency?

Your cat should be examined by your veterinarian if you are seeing blood in the stool, but this is usually not an emergency.

Indications that your cat should be seen immediately include⁶⁷:

• Excessive bleeding from the rectum.
• Straining in the litter box.
• Your cat seems also seems to act sick, for example not eating, not drinking, or lethargy.
• Blood is coming from more than one source.  For example, you see blood in the stool and vomitus or urine, or your cat is coughing or sneezing blood.
• Unexplained contusions (bruising) or petechia, which looks like pinpoint blood spots on the skin.
• Any history of exposure to rodent control products.

If you are seeing small amounts of blood in the stool and your cat otherwise seems normal, call your veterinarian for an appointment.  Keep your cat isolated from sources of stress.  If you have multiple cats, keep this cat separated in a room with an individual cat box.  This may help to reduce stress and allow you to closely monitor stool and overall behavior.  Keep your cat away from other pets in case this is contagious.  Always wash your hands after contact with your cat, or cat feces.

5. What to Expect at the Veterinarian

Your veterinarian will do a thorough physical exam, including an exam of the rectum, anal sacs, and anal area.

Your veterinarian may need to do blood work, fecal testing, and may send samples to a diagnostic laboratory. Imaging of the intestinal tract including radiographs or ultrasound may be recommended.

Causes include:

• Straining due to diarrhea or constipation causing ruptured blood vessels.
• Trauma to the anus or anal area, including bite wounds from other cats.
• Anal sac inflammation, impaction, infection, or cancer.⁸
• Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections in the GI tract.⁹¹⁰
• Inflammatory bowel disease.
• Intestinal or rectal cancer, including intestinal lymphoma.
• Physical irritation to the inside of intestines causing bleeding from ingestion of foreign objects such as string, plastic, or excessive amounts of hair.¹¹
• Stress may be due to a change in the household including a new person or pet.
• Anticoagulants contained in some rat poisons inhibit vitamin K, which is required for blood clotting.  Rodenticide ingestion can occur directly from eating rat bait.  In cats, exposure can also be secondary to the predation of a rodent who has ingested the product.¹²

6. What Can You Do to Prevent Blood in the Stool?

While some causes of blood in the stool cannot be avoided, there are certain things that you can do for the preventable causes.

Follow your veterinarian’s dietary recommendations, this may include a high-fiber, bland, hypoallergenic, or hairball control diet.

Pick up any items that your cat may potentially eat.  Cats, especially kittens, may consume anything they find, including string, hair ties, ribbon, or plastic toys.  Pick up any free items in the household and store them out of reach of your cat.

Many cats enjoy drinking running water.  A recirculating water fountain can help increase water intake, this will help to reduce constipation, which can cause blood in the stool.

If stress is believed to be associated with blood in the stool, your veterinarian may recommend a pheromone product to help your kitty feel calm and relaxed.  Feliway Spray and Feliway Diffusers are products that mimic the happy pheromones of cats and can reduce stress-associated behaviors and problems.¹³

While blood in the stool is alarming, it may or may not be a simple fix.  Be sure to collect a representative stool sample and call your veterinarian if you see blood in your cat’s stool.

If your cat is having other health issues, you may find our guides to  whether cats can get colds, home remedies for a cat vomiting, and home remedies for a cat’s upset stomach helpful.

Additional Resources

If you have other concerns about your cat’s stool, this is a great video overview about your cat’s poop from veterinarian Dr. Sarah Wooten:

Here are some additional resources and sources:

• VCA Hospitals: https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/blood-in-cats-stools-or-on-the-fur
• WebMD: https://pets.webmd.com/cats/guide/bloody-stool-cats#1

We’ve created a series of posts here on Pet News Daily related to gastro intestinal issues for cats and cat health in general, including:

• Home remedies that will settle your cat’s stomach
• Home remedies for cat vomiting
• What to do when your cat is throwing up food?
• What to do if your cat is vomiting bile
• What to do if your cat is vomiting blood
• What to do if your cat is throwing up white foam
• Over the counter medicine for cat diarrhea
• Cat foaming at the mouth: reasons & what to do
• Home remedies for cat diarrhea